Exhibit A1
Dutch PAROLE Lexicon Documentation
Contents Specification
Institute for Dutch Lexicology (INL)
P.O. Box 9515
2300 RA Leiden
The Netherlands
www.inl.nl parole@inl.nl
Introduction
The documentation for the Dutch PAROLE lexicon consists of two separate documents. The document Background Information contains linguistic information, and motivations for design and contents; the present document, Contents Specification contains detailed overviews of the exact contents of the lexicon, number of entries per part of speech, features, functions, etcetera. It serves as an addition to the general documentation which accompanies the set of PAROLE lexicons (PAROLE Reports; GENELEX (1993, 1994)). The other languages for which lexicons have been developed are: Catalan, Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portugese, Spanish and Swedish. The PAROLE lexicon is delivered as a file in SGML-format compliant with the PAROLE DTD for the lexicon.
Section 1 specifies the Dutch PAROLE lexicon contents in a tabular way, presenting overviews of entry numbers per part of speech and subtype, syntactic categories, features, functions, etc. A numerical summary is presented in section 2. Appendix A presents an overview of syntactic patterns. Terminology is explained in the glossary of Appendix B. Appendix C presents a conceptual graph of the relations between the (SGML) objects in the lexicon.
1 Lexicon Contents
The entry list of the lexicon consists of about 20,200 entries distributed over 13 parts of speech (POS). The entries have been described along the dimensions of morphosyntax and syntax. Morphosyntactic information consists of various lexical properties, like gender, number, case, person, inflection, etc. Syntactic descriptions consist of typical complementation patterns associated with the various lemmata.
1.1 Morphological layer
|
Category |
Subcategory |
Number of ENTRIES |
|
ADJECTIVE |
QUALI |
3,298 |
|
ADPOSITION |
PREPOSITION |
80 |
|
ADVERB |
GENERAL |
456 |
|
ADVERB |
PRONOMINAL |
98 |
|
ARTICLE |
DEFINITE |
2 |
|
ARTICLE |
INDEFINITE |
1 |
|
CONJUNCTION |
COORDINATIVE |
18 |
|
CONJUNCTION |
SUBORDINATIVE |
52 |
|
DETERMINER |
DEMONSTRATIVE |
15 |
|
DETERMINER |
POSSESSIVE |
7 |
|
DETERMINER |
INTERROGATIVE |
2 |
|
DETERMINER |
RELATIVE |
3 |
|
DETERMINER |
INDEFINITE |
32 |
|
INTERJECTION |
WITHOUTSC |
235 |
|
NOUN |
COMMON |
12,279 |
|
NUMERAL |
CARDINAL |
63 |
|
NUMERAL |
ORDINAL |
14 |
|
PRONOUN |
DEMONSTRATIVE |
15 |
|
PRONOUN |
INTERROGATIVE |
3 |
|
PRONOUN |
EXCLAMATIVE |
1 |
|
PRONOUN |
RECIPROCAL |
1 |
|
PRONOUN |
REFLEXIVE |
9 |
|
PRONOUN |
PERSONAL |
18 |
|
PRONOUN |
RELATIVE |
7 |
|
PRONOUN |
INDEFINITE |
31 |
|
RESIDUAL |
ABBREVIATION |
114 |
|
RESIDUAL |
ACRONYM |
72 |
|
UNIQUE |
INFMARK |
1 |
|
VERB |
MAIN |
3,221 |
|
VERB |
AUX |
46 |
|
VERB |
COPULA |
7 |
1.2 Syntactic layer
Syntactic complements belong to either one of the basic parts of speech, or to one of the phrasal categories of the following table.
|
CATEGORY |
COMPLEMENT TYPES |
|
Clause |
Infinitival clause, subordinate clause, interrogative clause. |
|
NG |
Nominal group, i.e. a noun phrase without initial article, determiner, or numeral. |
|
NP |
Noun phrase. |
|
PP |
Prepositional phrase. |
|
VP |
Verb phrase. |
The following syntactic feature values can occur with complements:
|
FEATURE |
USAGE |
|
SSINFINITIVE |
Infinitival clauses. |
|
SSINTERROGATIVE |
Interrogative clauses. |
|
SUBORDONNEE |
Subordinate clauses. |
|
SUBJECTCONTROL |
Subject control by verbs. |
|
INDIRECTOBJECTCONTROL |
Indirect object control by verbs. |
|
OBJECTCONTROL |
Direct object control by verbs. |
The following table lists the syntactic functions per part of speech, which express the relation of the complement with respect to the head (entry) of the construction. The COMPL function is used in PAROLE for a complement that cannot be mapped onto the traditional set of complement functions (a default complement function).
|
PART OF SPEECH |
complement FUNCTION |
USED FOR |
|
ADJECTIVE |
ACOMP |
General complement of an adjective. |
|
ADPOSITION |
PREPDEPENDENT |
General complement of an adposition. |
|
ADVERB |
ADVCOMP |
General complement of an adverb. |
|
ARTICLE |
COMPL |
General complement of an article. |
|
CONJUNCTION |
CONJDEPENDENT |
General complement of a conjunction. |
|
DETERMINER |
COMPL |
General complement of a determiner. |
|
INTERJECTION |
None (in Dutch, interjections do not display subcategorisation behavior). |
_ |
|
NOUN |
NOFCOMP |
A PP complement introduced by ‘van’/of, expressing a genitive- or accusative-like role. |
|
NPREPCOMP |
A PP complement not introduced by 'van'/of. |
|
|
NAPPOSITION |
A complement in apposition structures consisting of two juxtaposed items: the lemma and the complement (in this order). |
|
|
NCLAUSCOMP |
A clausal complement. |
|
|
NATTRIBUTIVE |
A complement in attributive structures consisting of two juxtaposed items: the complement and the lemma (in this order). |
|
|
NDETERMINATIVE |
ARTICLE complement for nouns (and the implied other complement types). |
|
|
NUMERAL |
COMPL |
General complement of a numeral. |
|
PRONOUN |
COMPL |
General complement of a pronoun. |
|
RESIDUAL |
COMPL |
General complement of a residual. |
|
UNIQUE MEMBERSHIP |
COMPL |
General complement of the ‘unique membership’ category. |
|
VERB |
SUBJECT |
Subject complement. |
|
OBJECT |
Direct object complement. |
|
|
INDIRECTOBJECT |
Indirect object complement. |
|
|
PREPOBJ |
Prepositional object. |
|
|
OBLIQUE |
Infinitival clause complement of auxiliary verb. |
|
|
ADVERBIAL |
Adverbial complement |
|
|
SUBJPRED |
Predicative subject complement. |
|
|
OBJPRED |
Predicative (direct) object complement. |
|
|
REALSUBJ |
If the construction contains an extraposed subject, then the real subject is assigned this function. |
|
|
COMPL |
General complement of a verb. |
2 Numerical characteristics
The key numeric aspects of the syntactic lexicon layer are described in the following table. The numbers have been produced with the AlethGD (version 2.20) browsing tool which was developed by GSI-Erli for PAROLE partners.
Terminology is explained in Appendix B.
|
Object type |
Number of occurences |
|
Simple Morphological Units |
20,207 |
|
Graphical Morphological Units |
20,293 |
|
Simple Inflection Modes |
20,208 |
|
CombMF |
104 |
|
Categories |
16 |
|
Syntactic units |
24,173 |
|
Descriptions |
24,173 |
|
Selfs |
13 |
|
IntervConsts |
13 |
|
Constructions |
1,554 |
|
Positionc |
872 |
|
Syntagma_T |
357 |
|
Syntagma_NT_C |
463 |
|
Lex Features |
209 |
|
Closed Synt. Features |
277 |
|
Trait_Libre |
3 |
|
Functions |
37 |
|
Syntagma_T labels |
16 |
|
Syntagma_NT labels |
10 |
APPENDIX A – Overview of Syntactic Patterns
This appendix contains an overview of the various types of syntactic descriptions, per part of speech. The specified numbers and identifiers may slightly deviate from the actual lexicon contents due to minor last minute revisions. Indices uniquely identifying non-terminal categories start with 0; thus, NP0 is actually the first NP in a construction. The label WITHOUTE indicates a non-terminal category that is not part of the PAROLE ontology of categories (like the result of a pronoun combined with its complements).
|
ADJECTIVES |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
Description660 |
nieuw |
4 |
AP[nieuw UNIQUE] |
|
DescriptionC100 |
nul |
2459 |
nul |
|
Description296 |
gebrand |
3 |
AP[ADV gebrand Clause1] |
|
Description404 |
gestemd |
1 |
AP[PP0 ADV gestemd] |
|
Description244 |
eigen |
1 |
AP[NP0 eigen Clause1] |
|
Description630 |
modern |
2 |
AP[modern ADV] |
|
Description1235 |
wrevelig |
180 |
AP[ADV wrevelig] |
|
Description160 |
bijgenaamd |
1 |
AP[NP0 bijgenaamd NP1] |
|
Description158 |
bijgenaamd |
2 |
AP[N bijgenaamd N] |
|
Description767 |
onverdeeld |
1 |
AP[DET onverdeeld] |
|
Description757 |
ontoelaatbaar |
378 |
AP[ontoelaatbaar Clause0] |
|
Description705 |
ongeacht |
1 |
AP[ongeacht NP0] |
|
Description909 |
sec |
2 |
AP[NP0 sec] |
|
Description1072 |
verhoogd |
1 |
AP[PP0 PP1 verhoogd] |
|
Description1162 |
vreselijk |
646 |
AP[PP0 vreselijk] |
|
Description305 |
gedegen |
18 |
AP[gedegen PP0] |
|
Description999 |
uitgesproken |
1 |
AP[uitgesproken CONJ] |
|
Description39 |
afgedaan |
17 |
AP[CONJ afgedaan] |
|
Description159 |
bijgenaamd |
1 |
AP[N bijgenaamd NP1] |
|
Description1238 |
zat |
3 |
AP[PRO zat Clause1] |
|
Description482 |
groot |
1 |
AP[groot NUM] |
|
Description1054 |
verder |
5 |
AP[NUM verder] |
|
Description243 |
eigen |
3 |
AP[PRO eigen] |
|
Description146 |
bewust |
1 |
AP[PRO bewust PP1] |
|
Description500 |
hoog |
3 |
AP[NG0 hoog] |
|
ADPOSITIONS |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
Description109 |
tussen |
1 |
PP[tussen NP0 CONJ] |
|
Description117 |
van |
1 |
PP[ADV van ADP ADV] |
|
Description124 |
versus |
1 |
PP[V versus V] |
|
Description71 |
op |
2 |
PP[op DET NUM] |
|
Description94 |
te |
1 |
PP[te N] |
|
Description118 |
van |
1 |
PP[A van N] |
|
Description93 |
sub |
10 |
PP[sub NUM] |
|
Description0 |
aan |
1 |
PP[V aan ART V] |
|
Description1 |
aan |
3 |
PP[ADP aan NP1] |
|
Description102 |
ter |
1 |
PP[ter NG0] |
|
Description114 |
van |
1 |
PP[van NUM ADP NUM] |
|
Description100 |
tegenover |
1 |
PP[ADV tegenover ADV] |
|
Description77 |
over |
3 |
PP[over ART NUM] |
|
Description45 |
met |
1 |
PP[ADV met NP1] |
|
Description49 |
met |
1 |
PP[met ADV NP1] |
|
Description108 |
tussen |
1 |
PP[tussen NUM CONJ] |
|
Description48 |
met |
2 |
PP[NP0 met Clause1] |
|
Description105 |
tot |
4 |
PP[tot ADV] |
|
Description98 |
tegen |
6 |
PP[NP0 tegen NP1] |
|
Description79 |
per |
1 |
PP[NUM N per NP2] |
|
Description2 |
aan |
1 |
PP[aan ART V] |
|
Description130 |
voor |
1 |
PP[A N voor N] |
|
Description28 |
door |
6 |
PP[door Clause0] |
|
Description72 |
op |
1 |
PP[op DET A] |
|
Description111 |
uit |
65 |
PP[uit NP0] |
|
Description104 |
tot |
2 |
PP[PP0 tot NP1] |
|
Description127 |
via |
1 |
PP[PP0 via NP1 PP2] |
|
Description96 |
tegen |
13 |
PP[tegen NUM N] |
|
Description8 |
ad |
1 |
PP[ad N NUM] |
|
Description115 |
van |
1 |
PP[van NP0 PP1] |
|
Description106 |
tot |
2 |
PP[PP0 tot] |
|
Description126 |
versus |
1 |
PP[A versus A] |
|
ADVERBS |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
DescriptionC100 |
nul |
228 |
nul |
|
Description112 |
dato |
2 |
WITHOUTE[dato NUM] |
|
Description49 |
bis |
2 |
WITHOUTE[NUM bis] |
|
Description500 |
zo |
5 |
WITHOUTE[zo PRO] |
|
Description488 |
zeer |
2 |
WITHOUTE[zeer DET NG1] |
|
Description182 |
gisteren |
17 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 ADP gisteren] |
|
Description197 |
heden |
3 |
WITHOUTE[PP0 ADP heden] |
|
Description274 |
merendeels |
1 |
WITHOUTE[NG0 merendeels] |
|
Description409 |
vanochtend |
40 |
WITHOUTE[ADP vanochtend] |
|
Description506 |
zover |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP zover A] |
|
Description490 |
zeer |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADV ADV zeer] |
|
Description121 |
driemaal |
1 |
WITHOUTE[driemaal ADV ADV] |
|
Description242 |
hoe |
1 |
WITHOUTE[hoe A NP1 ADV] |
|
Description463 |
waarmee |
21 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 waarmee Clause1] |
|
Description0 |
aaneen |
21 |
WITHOUTE[ADV aaneen] |
|
Description19 |
alias |
1 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 alias NP1] |
|
Description43 |
bijvoorbeeld |
18 |
WITHOUTE[bijvoorbeeld Clause0] |
|
Description176 |
genoeg |
1 |
WITHOUTE[A genoeg Clause1] |
|
Description360 |
slechts |
24 |
WITHOUTE[slechts NP0] |
|
Description379 |
thuis |
66 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 thuis] |
|
Description507 |
zover |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP zover CONJ] |
|
Description366 |
te |
1 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 te A] |
|
Description146 |
erin |
23 |
WITHOUTE[PP0 erin] |
|
Description410 |
vanochtend |
48 |
WITHOUTE[vanochtend PP0] |
|
Description364 |
straks |
107 |
WITHOUTE[straks A] |
|
Description309 |
net |
2 |
WITHOUTE[net CONJ ADV] |
|
Description510 |
zozeer |
2 |
WITHOUTE[ADV zozeer CONJ] |
|
Description372 |
tenminste |
1 |
WITHOUTE[tenminste NUM NG1] |
|
Description508 |
zover |
2 |
WITHOUTE[zover A CONJ] |
|
Description497 |
zo |
1 |
WITHOUTE[zo A CONJ A] |
|
Description502 |
zoal |
1 |
WITHOUTE[PRO ADV zoal] |
|
Description250 |
hooguit |
2 |
WITHOUTE[ADP hooguit NUM N] |
|
Description445 |
voorop |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP NP1 voorop] |
|
Description99 |
daartussen |
24 |
WITHOUTE[ADP daartussen NP1] |
|
Description431 |
volop |
2 |
WITHOUTE[volop NG0] |
|
Description127 |
eergisteren |
2 |
WITHOUTE[eergisteren ADP] |
|
Description452 |
waar |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADV waar Clause1] |
|
Description277 |
minstens |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP minstens NUM NG2] |
|
Description511 |
zozeer |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADV zozeer PP1] |
|
Description262 |
liever |
1 |
WITHOUTE[PRO liever CONJ] |
|
Description173 |
eventjes |
20 |
WITHOUTE[eventjes ADV] |
|
Description122 |
driemaal |
5 |
WITHOUTE[driemaal ADV A] |
|
Description496 |
zo |
2 |
WITHOUTE[zo A ADV] |
|
Description324 |
omhoog |
2 |
WITHOUTE[NUM N omhoog] |
|
Description365 |
te |
1 |
WITHOUTE[te A Clause1] |
|
Description334 |
ongeveer |
7 |
WITHOUTE[ongeveer NUM N] |
|
Description493 |
zelden |
1 |
WITHOUTE[A zelden] |
|
Description266 |
medio |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP medio NUM] |
|
Description498 |
zo |
1 |
WITHOUTE[zo A CONJ ADV] |
|
Description306 |
net |
1 |
WITHOUTE[net CONJ NP1] |
|
Description501 |
zo |
1 |
WITHOUTE[zo A CONJ NP2] |
|
Description374 |
tevens |
3 |
WITHOUTE[tevens CONJ] |
|
Description267 |
medio |
2 |
WITHOUTE[ADP medio NG1] |
|
Description53 |
bovenal |
9 |
WITHOUTE[CONJ bovenal] |
|
Description308 |
net |
1 |
WITHOUTE[net CONJ PP1] |
|
Description198 |
heden |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP ADP heden A] |
|
Description450 |
vrijwel |
2 |
WITHOUTE[vrijwel DET N] |
|
Description384 |
tussendoor |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP ADV tussendoor NP2] |
|
ARTICLES |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
Description11 |
het |
4 |
NP[het RES] |
|
Description13 |
het |
4 |
NP[het V] |
|
Description10 |
het |
4 |
NP[het N] |
|
Description11 |
het |
4 |
NP[het DET:POSSESSIVE] |
|
Description2 |
de |
4 |
NP[de NUM] |
|
Description111 |
De |
4 |
NP[de DET:POSSESIVE] |
|
Description0 |
de |
4 |
NP[de A] |
|
CONJUNCTIONS |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
Description17 |
behalve |
1 |
WITHOUTE[PRO behalve NP1] |
|
Description37 |
dus |
1 |
WITHOUTE[PP0 dus ADV PP2] |
|
Description59 |
hoewel |
1 |
WITHOUTE[hoewel ADV PP1] |
|
Description74 |
nadat |
1 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 nadat Clause1] |
|
Description47 |
en |
7 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 en NP1] |
|
Description57 |
hoewel |
1 |
WITHOUTE[A hoewel ADV A] |
|
Description122 |
want |
50 |
WITHOUTE[want Clause0] |
|
Description53 |
evenals |
6 |
WITHOUTE[evenals NP0] |
|
Description29 |
doch |
5 |
WITHOUTE[PP0 doch PP1] |
|
Description63 |
ingeval |
5 |
WITHOUTE[ingeval PP0] |
|
Description61 |
indien |
1 |
WITHOUTE[indien A] |
|
Description92 |
of |
2 |
WITHOUTE[PRO of PRO] |
|
Description5 |
als |
1 |
WITHOUTE[als Clause0 CONJ] |
|
Description30 |
doch |
1 |
WITHOUTE[V doch ADV V] |
|
Description81 |
of |
2 |
WITHOUTE[ADP of ADP] |
|
Description138 |
zowel |
1 |
WITHOUTE[zowel A CONJ] |
|
Description90 |
of |
2 |
WITHOUTE[VP0 of VP1] |
|
Description16 |
behalve |
1 |
WITHOUTE[PRO behalve A] |
|
Description14 |
annex |
1 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 annex NG1] |
|
Description55 |
hetzij |
1 |
WITHOUTE[hetzij CONJ CONJ] |
|
Description83 |
of |
2 |
WITHOUTE[RES of RES] |
|
Description86 |
of |
4 |
WITHOUTE[ADV of ADV] |
|
Description6 |
als |
1 |
WITHOUTE[A als NG1] |
|
Description72 |
naargelang |
3 |
WITHOUTE[ADV naargelang Clause1] |
|
Description70 |
naargelang |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADV naargelang NP1] |
|
Description85 |
of |
2 |
WITHOUTE[DET of DET] |
|
Description126 |
zoals |
1 |
WITHOUTE[zoals ADV] |
|
Description71 |
naargelang |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADV naargelang PP1] |
|
Description44 |
en |
2 |
WITHOUTE[N en N] |
|
Description136 |
zowel |
1 |
WITHOUTE[zowel ADP CONJ] |
|
Description77 |
noch |
1 |
WITHOUTE[noch V CONJ] |
|
Description84 |
of |
8 |
WITHOUTE[Clause0 of Clause1] |
|
Description88 |
of |
2 |
WITHOUTE[NUM of NUM] |
|
Description82 |
of |
9 |
WITHOUTE[A of A] |
|
Description79 |
noch |
2 |
WITHOUTE[noch NP0 CONJ] |
|
Description56 |
hetzij |
2 |
WITHOUTE[hetzij CONJ] |
|
Description4 |
als |
1 |
WITHOUTE[NG0 als NG1] |
|
Description139 |
zowel |
2 |
WITHOUTE[zowel PP0 CONJ] |
|
Description33 |
dus |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADV dus NUM] |
|
Description93 |
of |
2 |
WITHOUTE[V of V] |
|
DETERMINERS |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
Description58 |
welk~2 |
27 |
NP[ADP welk~2 NG1] |
|
Description37 |
meest |
7 |
NP[ART meest NG1] |
|
Description1 |
alle |
1 |
NP[alle NG0 PP1] |
|
Description28 |
hoeveel |
1 |
NP[ADP hoeveel] |
|
Description4 |
allemaal |
18 |
NP[allemaal NG0] |
|
Description0 |
al |
1 |
NP[al NP0] |
|
Description23 |
evenveel |
3 |
NP[evenveel NG0 CONJ] |
|
Description8 |
deze |
2 |
NP[deze NUM] |
|
Description25 |
genoeg |
7 |
NP[ADV genoeg NG1] |
|
INTERJECTIONS |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
DescriptionC100 |
nul |
234 |
nul |
|
NOUNS |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
DescriptionC100 |
nul |
7471 |
nul |
|
Description1666 |
echtgenote |
2 |
NP[DET echtgenote N] |
|
Description4719 |
spreuk |
1 |
NP[DET spreuk NUM] |
|
Description3986 |
percent |
1 |
NP[percent NUM PP1] |
|
Description2180 |
graad |
3 |
NP[NUM graad PP1] |
|
Description5189 |
uitblinker |
1 |
NP[uitblinker ART N] |
|
Description708 |
best |
1 |
NP[DET best Clause1] |
|
Description2336 |
hinder |
1 |
NP[DET hinder PP1] |
|
Description221 |
afbreuk |
4 |
NP[DET afbreuk] |
|
Description4889 |
stuk~1 |
1 |
NP[NUM stuk~1 N] |
|
Description2775 |
klokslag |
1 |
NP[klokslag NUM N] |
|
Description2890 |
kwart |
4 |
NP[kwart PP0] |
|
Description4640 |
snelweg |
6 |
NP[ART snelweg N N] |
|
Description2878 |
kunst |
1 |
NP[kunst ART Clause1] |
|
Description3248 |
miljoen |
2 |
NP[ART NUM miljoen N] |
|
Description3253 |
milligram |
13 |
NP[ART NUM milligram N PP3] |
|
Description2998 |
lid |
2 |
NP[lid ART PP1] |
|
Description3437 |
november |
12 |
NP[ART NUM november NUM] |
|
Description3184 |
mei |
12 |
NP[ADV mei NUM] |
|
Description1114 |
cash |
3 |
NP[cash N] |
|
Description2731 |
kerstdag |
4 |
NP[NUM kerstdag] |
|
Description6013 |
windkracht |
3 |
NP[windkracht NUM] |
|
Description4810 |
stichting |
2 |
NP[ART N stichting] |
|
Description3211 |
merknaam |
539 |
NP[ART merknaam N] |
|
Description3146 |
maximum |
1 |
NP[maximum NG0] |
|
Description3270 |
miss |
2 |
NP[ART miss N PP2] |
|
Description3922 |
pagina |
16 |
NP[ART pagina NUM PP2] |
|
Description3215 |
meter |
43 |
NP[ART NUM meter PP2] |
|
Description2232 |
gulden |
69 |
NP[ART NUM gulden] |
|
Description3441 |
nummer |
27 |
NP[ART nummer NUM] |
|
Description1576 |
donderdagavond |
1 |
NP[ART donderdagavond PP1 NUM] |
|
Description4918 |
symfonie |
1 |
NP[ART symfonie NG1 PP2] |
|
Description3144 |
maximum |
1 |
NP[maximum PP0 PP1] |
|
Description3708 |
opdracht |
180 |
NP[ART opdracht Clause1] |
|
Description3090 |
machtiging |
5 |
NP[ART machtiging PP1 Clause2] |
|
Description3966 |
patat |
1 |
NP[NUM patat ADP] |
|
Description1044 |
brutaliteit |
5098 |
NP[ART brutaliteit PP1] |
|
Description65 |
aanpassing |
58 |
NP[ART aanpassing PP1 PP2] |
|
NUMERALS |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
Description140 |
zestien |
74 |
NG[ART zestien NG1] |
|
Description105 |
vijf |
11 |
NG[ADP vijf] |
|
Description155 |
één |
1 |
NG[één NG0] |
|
Description12 |
allebei |
2 |
NG[allebei NP0] |
|
Description5 |
achtduizend |
3 |
NG[achtduizend ART PP1] |
|
Description119 |
vijftien |
54 |
NG[ART vijftien PP1] |
|
Description156 |
één |
1 |
NG[één PP0] |
|
Description61 |
tien |
11 |
NG[ADP DET tien] |
|
PRONOUNS |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
DescriptionC8 |
nul |
23 |
nul |
|
Description49 |
niemand |
10 |
WITHOUTE[niemand PP0] |
|
Description1 |
alle |
5 |
WITHOUTE[PRO alle] |
|
Description50 |
niets |
4 |
WITHOUTE[niets A] |
|
Description46 |
menigeen |
26 |
WITHOUTE[ADP menigeen] |
|
Description88 |
zoveel |
4 |
WITHOUTE[zoveel CONJ] |
|
Description82 |
zoiets |
4 |
WITHOUTE[CONJ zoiets] |
|
Description58 |
veel |
10 |
WITHOUTE[ADV veel] |
|
Description68 |
welk~2 |
3 |
WITHOUTE[welk~2 ADV] |
|
Description47 |
niemand |
18 |
WITHOUTE[niemand Clause0] |
|
Description64 |
wat~4 |
2 |
WITHOUTE[wat~4 NP0] |
|
Description74 |
zelf |
3 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 zelf] |
|
RESIDUALS |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
DescriptionC3 |
nul |
25 |
nul |
|
Description186 |
mln. |
6 |
WITHOUTE[NUM mln. PP1] |
|
Description146 |
f.~1 |
19 |
WITHOUTE[f.~1 NUM] |
|
Description188 |
mln. |
18 |
WITHOUTE[NUM mln.] |
|
Description190 |
mm |
2 |
WITHOUTE[NUM mm A] |
|
Description109 |
a.i. |
1 |
WITHOUTE[NG0 a.i.] |
|
Description43 |
ENG. |
3 |
WITHOUTE[ADP ENG.] |
|
Description75 |
NED.. |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP NED. A] |
|
Description40 |
EK |
2 |
WITHOUTE[ART EK NUM] |
|
Description66 |
td. |
1 |
WITHOUTE[N Ltd.] |
|
Description69 |
NAVO |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ART NAVO] |
|
Description228 |
z.g. |
4 |
WITHOUTE[ART z.g. NG1] |
|
Description202 |
p.p. |
5 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 p.p.] |
|
Description74 |
NED. |
12 |
WITHOUTE[NED. NP0] |
|
Description93 |
TNO |
3 |
WITHOUTE[TNO PP0] |
|
Description77 |
NED. |
1 |
WITHOUTE[NED. A] |
|
Description178 |
mg |
7 |
WITHOUTE[NUM mg NG1] |
|
Description142 |
enz. |
1 |
WITHOUTE[VP0 enz.] |
|
Description1 |
ABN~1 |
68 |
WITHOUTE[ART ABN~1] |
|
Description8 |
AOW |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ART AOW CONJ] |
|
Description125 |
dir. |
4 |
WITHOUTE[dir. NG0] |
|
Description152 |
geb. |
3 |
WITHOUTE[N geb. N] |
|
Description141 |
enz. |
2 |
WITHOUTE[Clause0 enz.] |
|
Description194 |
nr. |
1 |
WITHOUTE[N nr. NUM] |
|
Description123 |
dec. |
5 |
WITHOUTE[NUM dec. NUM] |
|
Description139 |
enz. |
2 |
WITHOUTE[A enz.] |
|
Description76 |
NED. |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP NED. N] |
|
Description115 |
blz. |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP blz. NUM] |
|
Description113 |
blz. |
1 |
WITHOUTE[V blz. NUM] |
|
Description80 |
NED. |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP NED. PRO] |
|
Description21 |
BTW |
2 |
WITHOUTE[ART BTW PP1] |
|
Description32 |
CHR.~1 |
1 |
WITHOUTE[RES CHR.~1] |
|
Description165 |
kg |
1 |
WITHOUTE[ADP kg NG1] |
|
Description118 |
ca. |
3 |
WITHOUTE[ca. RES] |
|
Description13 |
B.V. |
24 |
WITHOUTE[B.V. N] |
|
Description133 |
e.a. |
11 |
WITHOUTE[N e.a.] |
|
Description218 |
v.~2 |
2 |
WITHOUTE[NP0 v.~2 NUM] |
|
UNIQUE |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
Description0 |
te |
1 |
WITHOUTE[te V V] |
|
VERBS |
|||
|
Label |
Example |
Number of Syntactic Units |
Structure |
|
Description1361 |
gebeuren |
1 |
Clause[ADV gebeuren PRO] |
|
Description4827 |
wemelen |
3 |
Clause[PRO wemelen ADV PP2] |
|
Description2182 |
misdoen |
1 |
Clause[NP0 misdoen NP1 PRO] |
|
Description2952 |
prenten |
2 |
Clause[NP0 prenten PRO NP2 PP3] |
|
Description2248 |
neerkomen |
1 |
Clause[PRO neerkomen ADV Clause2] |
|
Description1657 |
inhouden |
49 |
Clause[NP0 inhouden PRO] |
|
Description1513 |
herinneren |
38 |
Clause[NP0 herinneren PRO Clause2] |
|
Description169 |
achten |
3 |
Clause[NP0 achten PRO A Clause3] |
|
Description3069 |
resten |
2 |
Clause[ADV resten NP1 NP2] |
|
Description3120 |
rondrijden |
5 |
Clause[ADV rondrijden NP1 PP2] |
|
Description2975 |
profileren |
15 |
Clause[NP0 profileren PRO CONJ] |
|
Description474 |
bedoelen |
4 |
Clause[NP0 bedoelen PP1 NP2] |
|
Description1602 |
immuniseren |
6 |
Clause[NP0 immuniseren NP1 PP2 PP3] |
|
Description4092 |
vereffenen |
1643 |
Clause[NP0 vereffenen NP1] |
|
Description4568 |
vinden |
12 |
Clause[NP0 vinden NP1 A] |
|
Description1972 |
kunnen~2 |
2 |
Clause[ADV kunnen~2 Clause1] |
|
Description2037 |
lijden |
905 |
Clause[NP0 lijden PP1] |
|
Description1777 |
intreden |
206 |
Clause[NP0 intreden] |
|
Description4726 |
vuren |
35 |
Clause[NP0 vuren PP1 PP2] |
|
Description4930 |
zitten~1 |
14 |
Clause[NP0 zitten~1 A] |
|
Description3316 |
sneeuwen |
1 |
Clause[PRO sneeuwen NG1] |
|
Description2015 |
lenen |
2 |
Clause[NP0 lenen PRO ADV PP3] |
|
Description4496 |
verweren |
3 |
Clause[NP0 verweren PRO ADV PP3 PP4] |
|
Description844 |
bewapenen |
36 |
Clause[NP0 bewapenen PRO ADV] |
|
Description4926 |
zinnen |
1 |
Clause[PRO zinnen NP1 ADV Clause3] |
|
Description2399 |
ontbreken |
2 |
Clause[PRO ontbreken NP1 PP2] |
|
Description2506 |
onweren |
2 |
Clause[PRO onweren] |
|
Description4618 |
volstaan |
11 |
Clause[PRO volstaan Clause1] |
|
Description729 |
bespelen |
81 |
Clause[NP0 bespelen NP1 ADV] |
|
Description2579 |
opgeven |
1 |
Clause[NP0 opgeven PRO CONJ PP3] |
|
Description3628 |
toelopen |
245 |
Clause[NP0 toelopen ADV] |
|
Description3910 |
uitsturen |
3 |
Clause[NP0 uitsturen NP1 ADV Clause3] |
|
Description1557 |
hoeven~2 |
4 |
Clause[NP0 hoeven~2 ADV Clause2] |
|
Description2888 |
permitteren |
2 |
Clause[NP0 permitteren PRO PRO Clause3] |
|
Description1747 |
installeren |
58 |
Clause[NP0 installeren NP1 CONJ] |
|
Description1930 |
komen~1 |
1 |
Clause[NP0 komen~1 CONJ PP2] |
|
Description2468 |
ontspinnen |
1 |
Clause[ADV ontspinnen PRO NP2] |
|
Description3034 |
regenen |
6 |
Clause[PRO regenen ADV] |
|
Description1546 |
heten~2 |
1 |
Clause[NP0 heten~2 N] |
|
Description2365 |
onderscheiden |
2 |
Clause[NP0 onderscheiden PRO PP2 PP3] |
|
Description3182 |
schelen |
4 |
Clause[PRO schelen NP1] |
|
Description4594 |
voelen |
5 |
Clause[NP0 voelen PRO A] |
|
Description50 |
aankomen |
5 |
Clause[PRO aankomen PP1] |
|
Description1338 |
frustreren |
24 |
Clause[PRO frustreren NP1 Clause2] |
|
Description1958 |
krijgen~2 |
1 |
Clause[NP0 krijgen~2 NP1 V] |
|
Description1166 |
doordringen~2 |
1 |
Clause[PRO doordringen~2 PP1 Clause2] |
|
Description4920 |
zijn~2 |
4 |
Clause[NP0 zijn~2 V] |
|
Description2091 |
lusten |
1 |
Clause[NP0 lusten ADV NP2] |
|
Description874 |
bezinken |
18 |
Clause[NP0 bezinken ADV PP2] |
|
Description1752 |
insteken |
109 |
Clause[NP0 insteken NP1 NP2] |
|
Description4645 |
voorleggen |
2 |
Clause[NP0 voorleggen NP1 NP2 PP3] |
|
Description1989 |
laken |
704 |
Clause[NP0 laken NP1 PP2] |
|
Description3670 |
toezeggen |
92 |
Clause[NP0 toezeggen NP1 Clause2] |
|
Description68 |
aanmerken |
11 |
Clause[NP0 aanmerken PP1 Clause2] |
|
Description3982 |
vaststellen |
273 |
Clause[NP0 vaststellen Clause1] |
|
Description3185 |
schelen |
4 |
Clause[PRO schelen NP1 ADV PP3] |
|
Description4110 |
vergaan |
1 |
Clause[PRO vergaan NP1 ADV] |
|
Description1134 |
doen~1 |
5 |
Clause[NP0 doen~1 PRO ADV Clause3] |
|
Description640 |
benemen |
16 |
Clause[NP0 benemen PRO NP2] |
|
Description3453 |
stoten |
223 |
Clause[NP0 stoten PRO PP2] |
|
Description782 |
betonen |
3 |
Clause[NP0 betonen NG1] |
|
Description1226 |
dreigen~1 |
9 |
Clause[ADV dreigen~1 NP1] |
|
Description1133 |
doen~1 |
1 |
Clause[NP0 doen~1 A ADV Clause3] |
|
Description2243 |
navragen |
2 |
Clause[NP0 navragen Clause1 PP2] |
|
Description1280 |
eruitzien |
35 |
Clause[NP0 eruitzien CONJ] |
|
Description1929 |
komen~1 |
1 |
Clause[NP0 komen~1 PP1 CONJ] |
APPENDIX B - Glossary
This appendix contains a glossary of the technical termms used in the lexicon documentation. Many of the terminology has its origin in the GENELEX model, and the PAROLE DTD based on this model .
|
Category |
A major part of speech (such as noun, verb). |
|
CombMF |
A morphological paradigm stipulating how to derive word forms (types) from a certain lemma. |
|
Construction |
A set of syntagms describing a syntactic constellation (pattern). See also Syntagm. |
|
Description |
A set of constructions describing the arrangement of syntactic complements. See also Construction . |
|
Function |
A grammatical function. |
|
Graphical Morphological Unit |
A graphical manifestation of a lemma. |
|
IntervConst |
Describes aspects of a lemma in a generic way, e.g. categorial status. |
|
Lex Feature |
A lexical feature, addressing morphosyntactic subtype. |
|
Positionc |
Placeholder for a syntactic complement, carrying Function information. |
|
Self |
A generic reference to a lemma type: one of the 13 basic PoS. |
|
Simple Inflection Mode |
The inflection paradigm for a simplex lemma. |
|
Simple Morphological Unit |
A non-complex (simplex) lemma. |
|
Syntagme_NT_C |
A non-terminal syntagm, i.e. a phrasal constituent, like NP, PP, AP, or Clause. |
|
Syntagma_T |
A terminal syntagm (basic part of speech, like DET, or N). |
|
Syntactic Unit |
A set of descriptions describing a single syntactic behavior (eventual alternations linked by transformations). In the Dutch lexicon, every syntactic unit corresponds to exactly one syntactic pattern. In other words: the set of descriptions is a singleton for every syntactic unit. See also Description. |
|
Trait_Libre |
Orthographical character for expressiing combinations, like hyphens. |
Appendix C – Conceptual relations
The lexicon is set up as an SGML file (over 30 MB of plain ASCII). Its contents have been encoded in a distributed manner: all formative entities (like lemmata, syntactic phrases, feature bundles) are SGML entities, related by a pointer mechanism to other entities. The exact specification of the conceptual model underlying the PAROLE lexica can be found in GENELEX (1993). An excerpt of the Dutch instantiation of this model is given in figure 1 below.
Lemma (UM)
1-n 1-n
Graphical form (Gmu) Syntactic unit (Usyn)
1 1
Morphological inflection paradigm (Mfp) Description
0-1
Construction
1-n
Position (PositionC)
1-n
Syntagms: Terminal (SyntagmaT)
Non-terminal (SyntagmaNTC)
Figure 1: Excerpt of the Dutch instantiation of the GENELEX/PAROLE lexicon model (where necessary, SGML object names appear in brackets).
Lemmata have 1 to n graphical manifestations (graphical forms), each of which leads to exactly one morphological inflection pattern. Each orthographic variant of a lemma corresponds to one graphical form.
Every lemma can have 1 to n syntactic patterns. These patterns are represented by a hierarchy of objects, the top node of which is the syntactic unit (Usyn). Every Usyn has exactly one Description associated with it, which consists of an example sentence, an optional comment, and an optional pointer to a syntactic conglomerate object, the Construction. In a number of cases, the Construction is not present; these are cases for which only a comment was added (see 3.2.6 above). A Construction, finally, consists of 1 to n pointers to syntagms, through the intermediate object Position. Positions carry functional complement information (like SUBJECT). Syntagms can be either terminal (basic parts of speech) or non-terminal (syntactic phrases). They can have morphosyntactic (e.g. number), lexical (heads, or introducers) and syntactic (e.g. control) properties, which are specified by features.
References
GENELEX (1993), Eureka Project GENELEX, report on the syntactic layer. Version 4.0, GENELEX consortium.
GENELEX (1994), Eureka Project GENELEX, report on the morphological layer. Version 3.3, GENELEX consortium.
PAROLE Report on the Morphological Layer, Document ID P-WP1.1-MEMO-ERLI-32.
PAROLE Report on the Syntactic Layer, Document ID P-WP1.1-MEMO-ERLI-33.