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Geografia d'Europa: textos de suport |
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Energy data sources, availability and country
groups
Key energy data sources
There are three main international organisations which gather energy
data from questionnaires and studies, according to the scope of their responsibilities.
The main data sources are Eurostat (CEC), the International Energy Agency
(IEA) and the United Nations (UN). Results from questionnaire exercises
are published regularly by these organisations, and there is substantial
coordination between them in terms of classification, methodology and definitions.
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Eurostat: publications such as Energy Balance Sheets (eg,
CEC, 1991) and the Energy Yearly Statistics (eg, CEC, 1993a) series give
full and complete coverage for the EU but do not include forecasts, or
data for Central and Eastern Europe. The Directorate General for Energy
(DG XVII) of the CEC uses Eurostat data for the EU, supplemented by data
from other sources, to provide up-to-date commentary on energy such as
in its Energy in Europe series (eg, CEC, 1993b). These include complete
energy balance data, with forecasts as well as historical data. Data are
presented by individual EU countries and grouped into world regions.
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International Energy Agency (IEA): the IEA compiles annual
statistics for OECD countries on energy production and consumption by fuels
and sectors, such as in the publications Energy Balances of OECD Countries
(eg, IEA, 1993a) and Energy Statistics of OECD countries (eg, IEA, 1993b).
The IEA also publishes energy balances for non-OECD countries, including
Central and Eastern European countries (eg, IEA, 1993c).
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Until 1993 UNECE collected data which were published each year (eg,
UNECE, 1993). Data cover basic production and consumption of primary energy
and reserves, and include renewable energy sources by type and by
individual country. No forecasts are included.
From these sources energy data on total production and consumption are
available for most countries except the newly independent states of the
former USSR. However, sectoral fuel consumption data, on which to base
analyses of energy efficiency prospects, is limited for all countries.
Substantial errors are likely to exist in particular for Central and Eastern
Europe where the use of energy was not measured in the past. For example,
the IEA reports differences between IEA's own estimates and those made
by the former Czechoslovakia for 1990 energy balance data, using IEA estimates
as the base see Table below (IEA, 1992).
| |
IEA method |
former
Czechoslovakia
method |
Difference in data |
| Mtoe |
Mtoe |
Mtoe |
per cent |
| Total final consumption of solid fuels |
10.8 |
21.6 |
10.8 |
+100.0 |
| Industry petroleum |
2.7 |
6.3 |
3.6 |
+133.0 |
| District heating and combined heat and power(CHP) |
12.7 |
2.4 |
10.3 |
81.1 |
Even larger errors are to be expected in emissions data, and in some
countries estimates do not yet exist for all major gases. In addition to
better information on fuel type and energy production, improvements in
emissions reporting and forecasts will require the establishment of detailed
inventories of major energy-using plant and equipment (ie, boilers, power
stations, vehicle stock), their age, size, type of technology and current
use of pollution control equipment. This task is being tackled in the CORINAIR
project.
Country groupings
Given the form, described above, in which existing energy statistics
are published, the following country groups have been defined:
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European Union (EU): Twelve Member States for both current and historical
data. Up to and including 1990 this excludes East Germany, which is included
in the Central and Eastern Europe group. Data presented beyond 1990 include
East Germany as part of the EU or Western Europe.
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EFTA: Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Liechtenstein.
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Western Europe: EU and EFTA combined.
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Central Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and the remaining territory
of the former Yugoslavia.
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Former USSR: the whole of the former Soviet Union, including the
Baltic Republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the Russian Federation.
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Central and Eastern Europe: Central Europe and the European part
of the former USSR.
Where Europe as a whole is referred to this includes the EU, EFTA, Central
and Eastern Europe, Cyprus and Malta; the degree to which the former USSR
is included or excluded is always stated.
REFERENCES
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CEC (1991) Energy balance sheets, 19881989. Commisson
of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
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CEC (1992) Energy in Europe: A view to the future. September
1992, DG XVII Energy, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
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CEC (1993a) Energy yearly statistics 1991, Commission of
the European Communities, Luxembourg.
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CEC (1993b) Energy in Europe: annual energy review. Special
issue April 1993, DG XVII Energy, Commission of the European Communities,
Luxembourg.
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IEA (1992) Energy policies, Czech and Slovak Republics: 1992
survey. International Energy Agency, OECD, Paris.
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IEA (1993a) Energy balances of OECD countries, 199091.
International Energy Agency, OECD, Paris.
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IEA (1993b) Energy statistics of OECD countries, 199091.
International Energy Agency, OECD, Paris.
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IEA (1993c) Energy statistics and balances of non-OECD countries,
1990-91. International Energy Agency, OECD, Paris.
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UNECE (1993) Annual Bulletin of General Energy Statistics
for Europe 1993. United Nations , New York.
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Fuente:
European Environment Agency
The Dobris Assessment
Chapter 19: Energy
Última actualització: 14 de juny de 2002