{"id":3975,"date":"2025-11-25T13:04:37","date_gmt":"2025-11-25T11:04:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/?p=3975"},"modified":"2025-11-25T15:29:00","modified_gmt":"2025-11-25T13:29:00","slug":"a-new-paper-by-jacxens-and-colleagues-in-ear-hearing-finds-the-best-stimulus-to-elicit-the-speech-ffr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/a-new-paper-by-jacxens-and-colleagues-in-ear-hearing-finds-the-best-stimulus-to-elicit-the-speech-ffr\/","title":{"rendered":"A new paper by Jacxens and colleagues in Ear &#038; Hearing finds the best stimulus to elicit the speech FFR"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A new study authored by Laura Jacxsens, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/researcher\/gorina-careta-n\/\">Nat\u00e0lia Gorina-Careta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/researcher\/alejandro-mondejar-segovia\/\">Alejandro Mond\u00e9jar-Segovia<\/a>, and colleagues from the University of Antwerp and led by<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/researcher\/carles-escera\/\"> Carles Escera<\/a> at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/\">Brainlab<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/web.ub.edu\/en\/web\/ub\/\">University of Barcelona<\/a>) has just been published in <em>Ear &amp; Hearing<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The authors tested four simple speech sounds to answer the key question: which stimulus best captures how the brain encodes speech? Their results showed that each sound highlights a different aspect of the frequency-following response (FFR):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\/ao\/ produces the strongest response for tracking the voice pitch (F0),<\/li>\n<li>\/oa\/ works best for capturing fine acoustic details (TFS),<\/li>\n<li><strong>\/dao\/<\/strong> offers a good balance and links well with previous studies using the classic <em>\/da\/<\/em> sound.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These findings provide practical guidance for researchers who use the FFR to test auditory processing in adults, infants, and clinical populations.<\/p>\n<h6><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4005 size-large aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure2-2-1024x907.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"907\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure2-2-200x177.png 200w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure2-2-300x266.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure2-2-400x354.png 400w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure2-2-600x531.png 600w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure2-2-768x680.png 768w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure2-2-800x709.png 800w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure2-2-1024x907.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure2-2-1200x1063.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure2-2-1536x1360.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/h6>\n<p>Fig. 2. Results for the FFRENV for \/a\/ section. A, Grand-averaged time-domain waveform of the FFRENV elicited by the four different stimuli. B, FFRENV frequency spectra extracted from the equivalent \/a\/ analyzed section of the neural response. C, Boxplots of the mean F0 spectral amplitude from the equivalent \/a\/ analyzed section of the neural response for each stimulus.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4009 size-large aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure4-2-1024x906.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"906\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure4-2-200x177.png 200w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure4-2-300x266.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure4-2-400x354.png 400w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure4-2-600x531.png 600w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure4-2-768x680.png 768w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure4-2-800x708.png 800w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure4-2-1024x906.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure4-2-1200x1062.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Figure4-2-1536x1360.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Fig. 4. Results for the FFRTFS for \/a\/ section. A, Grand-averaged time-domain waveform of the FFRTFS elicited by the four different stimuli. B, FFRTFS frequency spectra extracted from the equivalent \/a\/ analyzed section of the neural response. C, Boxplots of the mean F1 spectral amplitude from the equivalent \/a\/ analyzed section of the neural response for each stimulus.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The full abstract reads as follows:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Objectives. <\/strong>The frequency-following response (FFR) is gaining momentum to investigate central auditory processing, in both audiological sciences and cognitive neuroscience. In previous research, FFRs have been most often elicited by the \/da\/ stimulus. Recently, we introduced the diphthong \/oa\/, particularly for infant studies, as in addition to underpinning of fundamental frequency encoding it provides the underpinnings of temporal fine structure encoding. However, both the \/da\/ and \/oa\/ stimuli have their limitations: the \/da\/ stimulus has shown to be less effective to study the temporal fine structure, and the \/oa\/ stimulus yields a smaller response. In this study, we tested the effects of manipulating vowel order and coarticulation of stimuli as factors that may affect FFR amplitudes. <strong>Design. <\/strong>We conducted a multi-site study involving 34 normal-hearing adults (aged 18-40) at Antwerp University Hospital and the University of Barcelona. Four different stimuli (\/dao\/, \/doa\/, \/ao\/, and \/oa\/) designed and equated for intensity were presented in three blocks of 1000 trials in randomized block order. The main FFR parameters were the F<sub>0<\/sub> and F<sub>1<\/sub> response amplitude for the \/o\/ and \/a\/ sections of the stimuli. <strong>Results. <\/strong>The F<sub>0<\/sub> amplitude was largest for the \/ao\/ stimulus and smallest for the \/oa\/ stimulus in both the \/a\/ and \/o\/ vowel segments. In contrast, the \/oa\/ stimulus evoked significantly higher F<sub>1<\/sub> amplitudes than all other stimuli across both segments, showing an inverse pattern relative to F<sub>0<\/sub>. The neural response delay was significantly longer for \/ao\/ compared to the other stimuli. Pre-stimulus root mean square amplitude did not differ across stimuli or sites, indicating consistent baseline neural activity. These amplitude findings were mirrored by significant effects in SNR, reinforcing the robustness of the stimulus-driven differences. While a significant stimulus \u00d7 research center interaction was found for F<sub>0<\/sub> and F<sub>1<\/sub> amplitudes in the \/a\/ segment, no interaction effects emerged for the remaining eight FFR parameters, supporting the overall reproducibility and robustness of stimulus effects across centers. <strong>Conclusions. <\/strong>Both amplitude and SNR findings confirm that the F<sub>0<\/sub> response is influenced by the frequency structure of the eliciting vowels and by the preceding vowels and consonants. The choice of stimulus should align with the study&#8217;s goals: the \/ao\/ stimulus is ideal for FFR<sub>ENV<\/sub> studies, the \/oa\/ stimulus for FFR<sub>TFS<\/sub> studies, and the \/dao\/ stimulus for studies examining both, offering strong responses for both the FFR<sub>ENV<\/sub> and the FFR<sub>TFS<\/sub>. The \/dao\/ stimulus offers the additional advantage that it includes the \/da\/ stimulus segment, facilitating comparisons with prior research.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reference:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Jacxsens, L.,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/researcher\/gorina-careta-n\/\">Gorina Careta, N.<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/researcher\/alejandro-mondejar-segovia\/\">Mond\u00e9jar-Segovia, A.<\/a>,\u00a0Arenillas Alc\u00f3n, S,\u00a0Biot, L.,\u00a0Cardon, E.,\u00a0Van Rompaey, V.,\u00a0De Hertogh, W.,\u00a0Lammers, J.W.,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/researcher\/carles-escera\/\">Escera, C.<\/a>\u00a0(2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/ear-hearing\/abstract\/9900\/toward_the_optimal_stimulus_to_elicit_the.518.aspx\">Towards the Optimal Stimulus to Elicit the Frequency-Following Response. <\/a><em>Ear &amp; Hearing<\/em>, 10.1097.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Permanent DOI:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aud.0000000000001764\">10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001764<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new study authored by Laura Jacxsens, Nat\u00e0lia Gorina-Careta, Alejandro Mond\u00e9jar-Segovia, and colleagues from the University of Antwerp and led by Carles Escera at the Brainlab (University of Barcelona) has just been published in Ear &amp; Hearing. The authors tested four simple speech sounds to answer the key question: which stimulus best captures how the brain encodes speech? Their results  [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3994,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A new paper by Jacxens and colleagues in Ear &amp; Hearing finds the best stimulus to elicit the speech FFR - Brainlab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/brainlab\/a-new-paper-by-jacxens-and-colleagues-in-ear-hearing-finds-the-best-stimulus-to-elicit-the-speech-ffr\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A new paper by Jacxens and colleagues in Ear &amp; Hearing finds the best stimulus to elicit the speech FFR - Brainlab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new study authored by Laura Jacxsens, Nat\u00e0lia Gorina-Careta, Alejandro Mond\u00e9jar-Segovia, and colleagues from the University of Antwerp and led by Carles Escera at the Brainlab (University of Barcelona) has just been published in Ear &amp; Hearing. 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