{"id":3643,"date":"2024-09-23T08:10:31","date_gmt":"2024-09-23T08:10:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/gracpe\/?page_id=3643"},"modified":"2024-11-25T18:47:25","modified_gmt":"2024-11-25T18:47:25","slug":"archaeological-automatic-interpretation-and-documentation-of-ceramics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/gracpe\/archaeological-automatic-interpretation-and-documentation-of-ceramics\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cArchaeological Automatic Interpretation and Documentation of Ceramics\u201d\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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cultura MATERIAL i arqueometria UB (ARQUB)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u201cArchaeological Automatic Interpretation and Documentation of Ceramics\u201d <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Cada dia, arque\u00f2legs de tot el m\u00f3n treballen per descobrir i explicar hist\u00f2ries al voltant d’objectes del passat, invertint un temps, esfor\u00e7 i finan\u00e7ament considerables per identificar i caracteritzar troballes individuals. La cer\u00e0mica \u00e9s d’import\u00e0ncia fonamental per a la comprensi\u00f3 i dataci\u00f3 de contextos arqueol\u00f2gics, i per a la comprensi\u00f3 de les din\u00e0miques de producci\u00f3, els fluxos comercials i les interaccions socials. Avui dia, aquesta caracteritzaci\u00f3 i classificaci\u00f3 de la cer\u00e0mica es realitza de forma manual, a trav\u00e9s de l’expertesa d’especialistes i l’\u00fas de cat\u00e0legs anal\u00f2gics conservats en arxius i biblioteques. L’objectiu d’ArchAIDE \u00e9s optimitzar i economitzar aquest proc\u00e9s, fent accessible el coneixement all\u00e0 on els arque\u00f2legs estiguin treballant. <\/span>\u00a0
\u00a0
ArchAIDE donar\u00e0 suport al treball de classificaci\u00f3 i interpretaci\u00f3 dels arque\u00f2legs (tant durant el treball de camp com despr\u00e9s de l’an\u00e0lisi d’excavaci\u00f3) amb una aplicaci\u00f3 innovadora dissenyada per a tauletes i tel\u00e8fons intel\u00b7ligents, dissenyada per ser una eina essencial per als arque\u00f2legs. Es fotografiaran fragments de cer\u00e0mica, les seves caracter\u00edstiques s’enviaran a una col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 comparativa, que activa el sistema autom\u00e0tic de reconeixement d’objectes, resultant en una resposta amb tota la informaci\u00f3 rellevant enlla\u00e7ada, i en \u00faltima inst\u00e0ncia emmagatzemada, dins d’una base de dades que permet compartir cada nou descobriment en l\u00ednia. <\/span>\u00a0
\u00a0
Com a soci del projecte ArchAIDE, l’equip d’ARQUB s’encarrega de desenvolupar el sistema automatitzat per a Majolica. La producci\u00f3 de Majolica de Barcelona i Val\u00e8ncia no es classifica segons tipologia, sin\u00f3 per motius decoratius. Per aquest motiu, era necessari elaborar una tipologia per tal de fer d’ArchAIDE un sistema funcional sobre la classificaci\u00f3 autom\u00e0tica d’aquesta cer\u00e0mica. Des de la Universitat de Barcelona, treballem amb les col\u00b7leccions de diferents institucions amb l’objectiu d’obtenir i dibuixar exemples de tots els diferents tipus que es van fabricar a Barcelona i Val\u00e8ncia entre els segles XIII i XVIII (bowls, plates, gerres…). Tots els dibuixos, tamb\u00e9 els procedents de publicacions en paper i digitals, requereixen ser digitalitzats un a un per introduir-los en una descripci\u00f3 geom\u00e8trica 2D de cada classe de cer\u00e0mica a la base de dades. Per determinar aquestes classes, estandarditzem els dibuixos a la mateixa escala. Fins ara, s’han pogut digitalitzar 468 dibuixos diferents. La tipologia que estem elaborant utilitza la morfometria geom\u00e8trica EDMA (An\u00e0lisi de Matriu de Dist\u00e0ncia Euclidiana) per aproximar la forma i\/o forma de la cer\u00e0mica, capturant la seva geometria. La forma i l’objecte, o un subjecte, est\u00e0 relacionat amb la seva aparen\u00e7a i estructura, i la morfometria \u00e9s la mesura d’aquestes caracter\u00edstiques externes i perceptibles, relacionades amb l’aparen\u00e7a de l’objecte, aix\u00ed com amb la seva constituci\u00f3 f\u00edsica i diacr\u00f2nica. Les dades num\u00e8riques s’utilitzen a trav\u00e9s de relacions matem\u00e0tiques els coeficients de les quals s’utilitzen com a variables en l’an\u00e0lisi estad\u00edstica. L’an\u00e0lisi es realitza sobre la matriu de les dist\u00e0ncies euclidianes entre punts. Les transformacions de la relaci\u00f3 de registre permeten l’EDMA compositiu i, per tant, l’an\u00e0lisi de la forma. Despr\u00e9s de l’an\u00e0lisi de clusters sobre les dades transformades de CLR, les dades de forma, realitzades amb el programari lliure R, \u00e9s possible definir alguns grups preliminars gr\u00e0cies a l’estudi del dendrograma resultant. A trav\u00e9s d’aquest m\u00e8tode tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s possible establir l’aparen\u00e7a de la forma mitjana per a un grup definit mitjan\u00e7ant escala multidimensional de la seva matriu de dist\u00e0ncies mitjanes. <\/span>\u00a0
\u00a0
A Barcelona, vam organitzar l’esdeveniment Multiplier: gaireb\u00e9 30 especialistes de museus, institucions de recerca i professionals van venir a provar l’arquitecturaIDE. Gr\u00e0cies al nostre amfitri\u00f3, l’Arxiu Arqueol\u00f2gic del Museu d’Hist\u00f2ria de Barcelona, vam poder comptar amb prestatges de cer\u00e0mica Montelupo i Terra Sigillata Italica per experimentar les habilitats de l’Arxaida per al reconeixement d’imatge i forma per part de tots els participants.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

https:\/\/archaide-desktop.inera.it\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

https:\/\/archaeologydataservice.ac.uk\/archives\/view\/archaide_2019\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/article\/id\/411445-tool-that-is-an-archaeologist-s-dream<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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References<\/i>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Lund, J., Malfitana, D., Poblome, J., 2006, Rhosica Vasa Mandavi (Cic. Att. 6.1.13) towards the identification of a major ceramic tableware industry of the Eastern Mediterranean: Eastern Sigillata A., Archeologia Classica , 2006, Vol. 57 (2006), pp. 491-507.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Madrid i Fern\u00e1ndez, M. and Sinner, A. G. 2019. \u201cAnalyzing technical choices: improving the archaeological classification of Late Republican Black Gloss pottery in north-eastern Hispania consumption centers.\u201d Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11: 3155-3186. DOI 10.1007\/s12520-018-0748-x.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Madrid i Fern\u00e1ndez, M. and Sinner, A. G. 2021. <\/span>\u201cLa vajilla de barniz negro en Emp\u00faries y la Layetania. Origen y t\u00e9cnica de producci\u00f3n a partir de su caracterizaci\u00f3n arqueom\u00e9trica \/ Black Gloss pottery from Emp\u00faries and Laietania. <\/span>Origin and production techniques from its archaeometric characterization,\u201d Archivo Espa\u00f1ol de Arqueolog\u00eda 94, e01, 1988-3110 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3989\/aespa.094.021.01.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Malfitana, D., Poblome, J., Lund, J., 2005, Eastern Sigillata A in Italy. <\/span>A socio-economic evaluation. BAbesch, 80, 199-212.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Menchelli, S., Pasquinucci, M., 2000, Ceramiche orientali nell\u2019Etruria settentrionale costiera (II sec. AC\u2014VI sec. D.C.), Rei Cretariae Romanae Favtorvm Acta, 36, 371-378.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Pagliantini, L., Madrid i Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Bernard, S.,Camporeale, S., Mascione, C., Buxeda i Garrig\u00f3s, J., Sinner, A.G., 2022, Archaeometric characterization of black gloss ware from populonia (tuscany): imported pottery and local production of the petites estampilles group, Journal of Archaeological Science Reports, 41,<\/span> 103306<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Regev, D., 2014, The Phoenician Origins of Eastern Sigillata A, in Acts of the Eight International Conference on Hellenistic Pottery, Ioannina, May 2009. Athens. pp.351-363.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Regev, D., 2020, New Light on Canaanite-Phoenician Pottery (Worlds of the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean), Equinox Publishing Ltd.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Tchernia, A. 2016. The Romans and trade. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Temin, P. 2013. The Roman market economy. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span>Objectives\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a01. <\/span>Archaeological characterisation between 5 and 10 samples from each site considered, including shape, typology, marks and\/or decorations, stratum, context, chronology, drawing and photographs (exterior and interior of the fragment).<\/span><\/p>

\u00a02. <\/span>Archaeometric characterisation for provenance studies based on determining the chemical composition of the samples from each site considered. The paste compositional reference units (URCP) will be created from the chemical groups identified in the analysed sample.<\/span><\/p>

3. <\/span>Mineralogical and microstructural characterisation based on the URCPs identified in the previous point could be related to differentiated products. This process will allow information on technical aspects related to the firing process and the microstructure of the ceramic bodies and glosses. Specific compositional studies will also be carried out on the glosses of 20 individuals using high-precision techniques.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a04. <\/span>Once the archaeometric study contemplated in objectives 2 and 3 is completed, the archaeological research will be returned to provide feedback with the new data. In this way, the ceramic groups identified from the archaeometric research can be related to their archaeological contexts to obtain a more precise image of the circulation in the sites considered: arrival, coexistence and\/or substitution and disappearance. These results will also be compared with those obtained for the black gloss and Italian Terra Sigillata ceramics in those coincident sites.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a05. <\/span>The integration of the preceding findings is anticipated to enhance our comprehension of the organisation of trade and the commercial circuits and networks in which Eastern Sigillata A was incorporated during the late Republican era in the eastern, central, and particularly in the western Mediterranean. Simultaneously, it is expected to yield data contributing to better interpreting the social and economic structures framing the processes under investigation.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

cultura MATERIAL i arqueometria UB (ARQUB) \u201cArchaeological Automatic Interpretation and Documentation of Ceramics\u201d Cada dia, arque\u00f2legs de tot el m\u00f3n treballen per descobrir i explicar hist\u00f2ries al voltant d’objectes del passat, invertint un temps, esfor\u00e7 i finan\u00e7ament considerables per identificar i caracteritzar troballes individuals. La cer\u00e0mica \u00e9s d’import\u00e0ncia fonamental per a la comprensi\u00f3 i dataci\u00f3 de contextos arqueol\u00f2gics, i per a la comprensi\u00f3 de les din\u00e0miques de producci\u00f3, els fluxos comercials i les interaccions socials. Avui dia, aquesta caracteritzaci\u00f3 i classificaci\u00f3 de la cer\u00e0mica es realitza de forma manual, a trav\u00e9s de l’expertesa d’especialistes i l’\u00fas de cat\u00e0legs anal\u00f2gics conservats en arxius i biblioteques. L’objectiu d’ArchAIDE \u00e9s optimitzar i economitzar aquest proc\u00e9s, fent accessible el coneixement all\u00e0 on els arque\u00f2legs estiguin treballant. \u00a0\u00a0ArchAIDE donar\u00e0 suport al treball de classificaci\u00f3 i interpretaci\u00f3 dels arque\u00f2legs (tant durant el treball de camp com despr\u00e9s de l’an\u00e0lisi d’excavaci\u00f3) amb una aplicaci\u00f3 innovadora dissenyada per a tauletes i tel\u00e8fons intel\u00b7ligents, dissenyada per ser una eina essencial per als arque\u00f2legs. Es fotografiaran fragments de cer\u00e0mica, les seves caracter\u00edstiques s’enviaran a una col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 comparativa, que activa el sistema autom\u00e0tic de reconeixement d’objectes, resultant en una resposta amb tota la informaci\u00f3 rellevant enlla\u00e7ada, i en \u00faltima inst\u00e0ncia emmagatzemada, dins d’una base de dades que permet compartir cada nou descobriment en l\u00ednia. \u00a0\u00a0Com a soci del projecte ArchAIDE, l’equip d’ARQUB s’encarrega de desenvolupar el sistema automatitzat per a Majolica. La producci\u00f3 de Majolica de Barcelona i Val\u00e8ncia no es classifica segons tipologia, sin\u00f3 per motius decoratius. Per aquest motiu, era necessari elaborar una tipologia per tal de fer d’ArchAIDE un sistema funcional sobre la classificaci\u00f3 autom\u00e0tica d’aquesta cer\u00e0mica. Des de la Universitat de Barcelona, treballem amb les col\u00b7leccions de diferents institucions amb l’objectiu d’obtenir i dibuixar exemples de tots els diferents tipus que es van fabricar a Barcelona i Val\u00e8ncia entre els segles XIII i XVIII (bowls, plates, gerres…). Tots els dibuixos, tamb\u00e9 els procedents de publicacions en paper i digitals, requereixen ser digitalitzats un a un per introduir-los en una descripci\u00f3 geom\u00e8trica 2D de cada classe de cer\u00e0mica a la base de dades. Per determinar aquestes classes, estandarditzem els dibuixos a la mateixa escala. Fins ara, s’han pogut digitalitzar 468 dibuixos diferents. La tipologia que estem elaborant utilitza la morfometria geom\u00e8trica EDMA (An\u00e0lisi de Matriu de Dist\u00e0ncia Euclidiana) per aproximar la forma i\/o forma de la cer\u00e0mica, capturant la seva geometria. La forma i l’objecte, o un subjecte, est\u00e0 relacionat amb la seva aparen\u00e7a i estructura, i la morfometria \u00e9s la mesura d’aquestes caracter\u00edstiques externes i perceptibles, relacionades amb l’aparen\u00e7a de l’objecte, aix\u00ed com amb la seva constituci\u00f3 f\u00edsica i diacr\u00f2nica. Les dades num\u00e8riques s’utilitzen a trav\u00e9s de relacions matem\u00e0tiques els coeficients de les quals s’utilitzen com a variables en l’an\u00e0lisi estad\u00edstica. L’an\u00e0lisi es realitza sobre la matriu de les dist\u00e0ncies euclidianes entre punts. Les transformacions de la relaci\u00f3 de registre permeten l’EDMA compositiu i, per tant, l’an\u00e0lisi de la forma. Despr\u00e9s de l’an\u00e0lisi de clusters sobre les dades transformades de CLR, les dades de forma, realitzades amb el programari lliure R, \u00e9s possible definir alguns grups preliminars gr\u00e0cies a l’estudi del dendrograma resultant. A trav\u00e9s d’aquest m\u00e8tode tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s possible establir l’aparen\u00e7a de la forma mitjana per a un grup definit mitjan\u00e7ant escala multidimensional de la seva matriu de dist\u00e0ncies mitjanes. \u00a0\u00a0A Barcelona, vam organitzar l’esdeveniment Multiplier: gaireb\u00e9 30 especialistes de museus, institucions de recerca i professionals van venir a provar l’arquitecturaIDE. Gr\u00e0cies al nostre amfitri\u00f3, l’Arxiu Arqueol\u00f2gic del Museu d’Hist\u00f2ria de Barcelona, vam poder comptar amb prestatges de cer\u00e0mica Montelupo i Terra Sigillata Italica per experimentar les habilitats de l’Arxaida per al reconeixement d’imatge i forma per part de tots els participants.\u00a0 https:\/\/archaide-desktop.inera.it\/\u00a0 https:\/\/archaeologydataservice.ac.uk\/archives\/view\/archaide_2019\/\u00a0 https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/article\/id\/411445-tool-that-is-an-archaeologist-s-dream\u00a0 References\u00a0 \u00a0Lund, J., Malfitana, D., Poblome, J., 2006, Rhosica Vasa Mandavi (Cic. Att. 6.1.13) towards the identification of a major ceramic tableware industry of the Eastern Mediterranean: Eastern Sigillata A., Archeologia Classica , 2006, Vol. 57 (2006), pp. 491-507.\u00a0 \u00a0Madrid i Fern\u00e1ndez, M. and Sinner, A. G. 2019. \u201cAnalyzing technical choices: improving the archaeological classification of Late Republican Black Gloss pottery in north-eastern Hispania consumption centers.\u201d Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11: 3155-3186. DOI 10.1007\/s12520-018-0748-x.\u00a0 \u00a0Madrid i Fern\u00e1ndez, M. and Sinner, A. G. 2021. \u201cLa vajilla de barniz negro en Emp\u00faries y la Layetania. Origen y t\u00e9cnica de producci\u00f3n a partir de su caracterizaci\u00f3n arqueom\u00e9trica \/ Black Gloss pottery from Emp\u00faries and Laietania. Origin and production techniques from its archaeometric characterization,\u201d Archivo Espa\u00f1ol de Arqueolog\u00eda 94, e01, 1988-3110 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3989\/aespa.094.021.01.\u00a0 \u00a0Malfitana, D., Poblome, J., Lund, J., 2005, Eastern Sigillata A in Italy. A socio-economic evaluation. BAbesch, 80, 199-212.\u00a0 \u00a0Menchelli, S., Pasquinucci, M., 2000, Ceramiche orientali nell\u2019Etruria settentrionale costiera (II sec. AC\u2014VI sec. D.C.), Rei Cretariae Romanae Favtorvm Acta, 36, 371-378.\u00a0 \u00a0Pagliantini, L., Madrid i Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Bernard, S.,Camporeale, S., Mascione, C., Buxeda i Garrig\u00f3s, J., Sinner, A.G., 2022, Archaeometric characterization of black gloss ware from populonia (tuscany): imported pottery and local production of the petites estampilles group, Journal of Archaeological Science Reports, 41, 103306\u00a0 \u00a0Regev, D., 2014, The Phoenician Origins of Eastern Sigillata A, in Acts of the Eight International Conference on Hellenistic Pottery, Ioannina, May 2009. Athens. pp.351-363.\u00a0 \u00a0Regev, D., 2020, New Light on Canaanite-Phoenician Pottery (Worlds of the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean), Equinox Publishing Ltd.\u00a0 \u00a0Tchernia, A. 2016. The Romans and trade. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Temin, P. 2013. The Roman market economy. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.\u00a0 \u00a0Objectives\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a01. Archaeological characterisation between 5 and 10 samples from each site considered, including shape, typology, marks and\/or decorations, stratum, context, chronology, drawing and photographs (exterior and interior of the fragment). \u00a02. Archaeometric characterisation for provenance studies based on determining the chemical composition of the samples from each site considered. The paste compositional reference units (URCP) will be created from the chemical groups identified in the analysed sample. 3. Mineralogical and microstructural characterisation based on the URCPs identified in the previous point could be related to differentiated products. This process will allow information on technical aspects related to the firing process and the microstructure of the ceramic bodies and glosses. Specific<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3643","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"rttpg_featured_image_url":null,"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Soco","author_link":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/gracpe\/author\/soco\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":null,"rttpg_excerpt":"cultura MATERIAL i arqueometria UB (ARQUB) \u201cArchaeological Automatic Interpretation and Documentation of Ceramics\u201d Cada dia, arque\u00f2legs de tot el m\u00f3n treballen per descobrir i explicar hist\u00f2ries al voltant d’objectes del passat, invertint un temps, esfor\u00e7 i finan\u00e7ament considerables per identificar i caracteritzar troballes individuals. 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