Mobsters and others engaged in risky forms of social coordination and coercion often communicate by saying something that is overtly innocuous but transmits another message ‘off record’. In both ordinary conversation and political discourse, insinuation and other forms of indirection, like joking, offer significant protection from liability. However, they do not confer blanket immunity: speakers
can be held to account for an ‘off record’ message, if the only reasonable interpretations of their utterance involve a commitment to it. Legal liability for speech in the service of criminal behavior displays a similar profile of significant protection from indirection along with potential liability for reasonable interpretations. Specifically, in both ordinary and legal contexts, liability depends on how a reasonable speaker would expect a reasonable hearer to interpret their utterance in the context of utterance, rather than on the actual speaker’s claimed communicative intentions.
Elisabeth Camp, 2022. “Just saying, just kidding: Liability for accountability-avoiding speech in ordinary conversation, politics and law” in From Lying to Perjury: Linguistic and Legal Perspectives on Lies and Other Falsehoods, edited by Laurence R. Horn, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
