{"id":15,"date":"2021-11-21T15:14:41","date_gmt":"2021-11-21T15:14:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/services\/"},"modified":"2023-11-20T18:48:14","modified_gmt":"2023-11-20T18:48:14","slug":"services","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/services\/","title":{"rendered":"Baetican production"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"15\" class=\"elementor elementor-15\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-633abc75 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"633abc75\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6aa8e145\" data-id=\"6aa8e145\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5165103a elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"5165103a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper center   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h2 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Baetican production<\/h2><div class=\"ekit_heading_separetor_wraper ekit_heading_elementskit-border-divider elementskit-style-long\"><div class=\"elementskit-border-divider elementskit-style-long\"><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>RACA-Med: Organic Residues Analyses<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-670df54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"670df54\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0779ec0\" data-id=\"0779ec0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccf0f55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ccf0f55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 26-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"316\" height=\"243\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/baetica_map.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3404\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/baetica_map.jpg 316w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/baetica_map-300x231.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Location of Cadiz and the site of El Olivillo in Cadiz <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5ea60b2\" data-id=\"5ea60b2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a23a8e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a23a8e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/baetica_map2-300x266.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3405\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/baetica_map2-300x266.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/baetica_map2.jpg 381w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eb1d50d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eb1d50d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d7c7bd\" data-id=\"4d7c7bd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2da2a5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2da2a5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OlivilloBackcover-7_metros_de_la_Historia_de_Cadiz.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"OlivilloBackcover-7_metros_de_la_Historia_de_Cadiz\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzY0OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzExXC9PbGl2aWxsb0JhY2tjb3Zlci03X21ldHJvc19kZV9sYV9IaXN0b3JpYV9kZV9DYWRpei5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"852\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OlivilloBackcover-7_metros_de_la_Historia_de_Cadiz-852x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3648\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OlivilloBackcover-7_metros_de_la_Historia_de_Cadiz-852x1024.jpg 852w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OlivilloBackcover-7_metros_de_la_Historia_de_Cadiz-250x300.jpg 250w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OlivilloBackcover-7_metros_de_la_Historia_de_Cadiz-768x923.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OlivilloBackcover-7_metros_de_la_Historia_de_Cadiz-1278x1536.jpg 1278w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OlivilloBackcover-7_metros_de_la_Historia_de_Cadiz.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01ea2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"01ea2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/El-Olivillo-excavation.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"El Olivillo excavation\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzY1MiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzExXC9FbC1PbGl2aWxsby1leGNhdmF0aW9uLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"611\" height=\"704\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/El-Olivillo-excavation.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3652\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/El-Olivillo-excavation.jpg 611w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/El-Olivillo-excavation-260x300.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 611px) 100vw, 611px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c8ace elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e8c8ace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Portada-1-El-Olivillo-analyses.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Portada-1-El-Olivillo-analyses\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzU1NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzA5XC9Qb3J0YWRhLTEtRWwtT2xpdmlsbG8tYW5hbHlzZXMuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"633\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Portada-1-El-Olivillo-analyses-633x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3554\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Portada-1-El-Olivillo-analyses-633x1024.jpg 633w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Portada-1-El-Olivillo-analyses-186x300.jpg 186w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Portada-1-El-Olivillo-analyses.jpg 734w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f53f52d\" data-id=\"f53f52d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ce1b85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ce1b85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 26-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p style=\"text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1\"><span lang=\"ES\" style=\"font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:\nSymbol\"><span style=\"font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\n<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"ES\">Ovoid amphorae<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0a2386 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0a2386\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 26-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5); color: var(--ast-global-color-3); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;\">The rubbish dump excavated at El Olivillo (Cadiz)\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: var(--ast-global-color-3); font-size: 1rem;\">excavatet by the UCA (dir. D. Bernal)<\/span><span style=\"background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5); color: var(--ast-global-color-3); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;\">, with finds ranging from the later 1st century BC to mid-1st century AD, provided the opportunity to sample 24 ovoid amphorae, from the Bay of Cadiz and from the Guadalquivir Valley. These were concentrated in the lower levels of the dump. Whereas some could be identified as either Ovoid Type 1 (seven examples) or Type 5 (two, possibly three examples), the majority were indeterminate (Table 1; Figure). Baetican amphorae with an ovoid body represent the first stages in the production of forms for the transport of agricultural surpluses in the late Republican province (for their complex typology, see Berni Millet 1998; de Almeida 2008; Garc\u00eda Vargas, Almeida, Gonz\u00e1lez Cesteros 2011; Garc\u00eda Vargas, Gonz\u00e1lez Cesteros, de Almeida 2019).<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>With very few contents analyses so far, there has been much debate as to their contents, with olive oil (especially those produced in the Guadalquivir Valley, as precursors to the Oberaden 83\/Ovoid 7, later Haltern 71 and Dressel 20 oil amphorae) and fish products (for coastal workshops; Garc\u00eda Vargas and S\u00e1ez Romero 2019) and, to a lesser degree, wine or derivatives such as <em>defrutum<\/em>, being the contents generally assumed to have been transported in them. Typologically, Ovoid 1 (70 BC-AD 20\/30) and Type 5 (c. 60-15 BC) are typologically closely related to the ovoid amphorae of the north Peloponnese of the later 2nd century BC to Augustan period from Aigion and Corinth (Dr 25 and <em>similis,<\/em> with a flanged neck: Figure, for a likely early example from the Skyra Wreck), and to those of the Brindisian Apani-Giancola workshops, whose contents have not been scientifically determined, though olive oil is the primary content proposed for them (Figure: Filis 2019; Manacorda 2019: Giancola 2\/Apani 1 is the only type suggested for wine, presumably as this is a variant of the Dr 6A); Reynolds 2021, 329, fig. 21). Previous analyses of two examples of Baetican ovoid amphorae, however, identified wine residues (or derivatives) in an Ovoid 1 and an Ovoid 5 (Bernal-Casasola, Pecci and S\u00e1ez 2019).\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The analyses of the El Olivillo samples by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry have now provided evidence that 19 were pitched with pine resin and that a good number (18) carried wine (or grape derivatives). Of these 18 amphorae, seven displayed additional compounds: these included samples OL 1 and OL 2, with possible plant oils; and OL 3, with possible animal residues or the contents were mixed or the amphora re-used.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Six samples did not present tartaric acid. Though the majority bore pitch, note that no pitch was present for three amphorae containing wine or derivatives (OL2, OL14 and OL24) and OL20 was pitched but possibly contained a plant oil.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>It remains to be seen if the sampling of Brindisian and Peloponnesian ovoid amphorae leads to the same results.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0915b14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0915b14\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5523254\" data-id=\"5523254\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7b0118 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f7b0118\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-2_Typology-of-Baetican-ovoid-amphorae-Garcia-Vargas-et-al.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Fig-2_Typology-of-Baetican-ovoid-amphorae-(Garcia-Vargas-et-al\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzY0NSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzExXC9GaWctMl9UeXBvbG9neS1vZi1CYWV0aWNhbi1vdm9pZC1hbXBob3JhZS1HYXJjaWEtVmFyZ2FzLWV0LWFsLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"834\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-2_Typology-of-Baetican-ovoid-amphorae-Garcia-Vargas-et-al-1024x834.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3645\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-2_Typology-of-Baetican-ovoid-amphorae-Garcia-Vargas-et-al-1024x834.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-2_Typology-of-Baetican-ovoid-amphorae-Garcia-Vargas-et-al-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-2_Typology-of-Baetican-ovoid-amphorae-Garcia-Vargas-et-al-768x625.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-2_Typology-of-Baetican-ovoid-amphorae-Garcia-Vargas-et-al.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-79b00aa\" data-id=\"79b00aa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d8eb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e2d8eb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-3-Giancola-Brindisii-forms-1-5-Manacorda-2021-fig.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Fig-3-Giancola-(Brindisii)-forms-1-5-(Manacorda-2021,-fig\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzY0NiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzExXC9GaWctMy1HaWFuY29sYS1CcmluZGlzaWktZm9ybXMtMS01LU1hbmFjb3JkYS0yMDIxLWZpZy5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"806\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-3-Giancola-Brindisii-forms-1-5-Manacorda-2021-fig-806x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3646\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-3-Giancola-Brindisii-forms-1-5-Manacorda-2021-fig-806x1024.jpg 806w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-3-Giancola-Brindisii-forms-1-5-Manacorda-2021-fig-236x300.jpg 236w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-3-Giancola-Brindisii-forms-1-5-Manacorda-2021-fig-768x975.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-3-Giancola-Brindisii-forms-1-5-Manacorda-2021-fig-1209x1536.jpg 1209w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-3-Giancola-Brindisii-forms-1-5-Manacorda-2021-fig.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 806px) 100vw, 806px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48696dc\" data-id=\"48696dc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7f8d93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d7f8d93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-4-Aigion-and-Corinthia-ovoids-2.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Fig-4-Aigion-and-Corinthia-ovoids-(2)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzY0NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzExXC9GaWctNC1BaWdpb24tYW5kLUNvcmludGhpYS1vdm9pZHMtMi5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"769\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-4-Aigion-and-Corinthia-ovoids-2-769x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3647\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-4-Aigion-and-Corinthia-ovoids-2-769x1024.jpg 769w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-4-Aigion-and-Corinthia-ovoids-2-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-4-Aigion-and-Corinthia-ovoids-2-768x1022.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Fig-4-Aigion-and-Corinthia-ovoids-2.jpg 1052w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-24e20a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"24e20a9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5b2d25\" data-id=\"f5b2d25\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9102ead elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9102ead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/RACAMed2021-003.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"RACAMed2021-003\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Mjk5MiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjJcLzA2XC9SQUNBTWVkMjAyMS0wMDMuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"885\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/RACAMed2021-003-885x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2992\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/RACAMed2021-003-885x1024.jpg 885w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/RACAMed2021-003-259x300.jpg 259w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/RACAMed2021-003-768x889.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/RACAMed2021-003-1327x1536.jpg 1327w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/RACAMed2021-003.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 885px) 100vw, 885px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">El Olivillo (Cadiz). Amphora samples OL 1 to OL 9.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b39ce3\" data-id=\"1b39ce3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f49b2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9f49b2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RACAMed2023_001.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"RACAMed2023_001\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQxNiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzA2XC9SQUNBTWVkMjAyM18wMDEuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"567\" height=\"801\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RACAMed2023_001.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3416\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RACAMed2023_001.jpg 567w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RACAMed2023_001-212x300.jpg 212w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">  El Olivillo (Cadiz). Amphora samples OL 10 to OL 24<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff45721\" data-id=\"ff45721\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e03953 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e03953\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d6040c\" data-id=\"2d6040c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-949a621 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"949a621\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0003.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"RacaMed_0003\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ4NSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzA2XC9SYWNhTWVkXzAwMDMuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"602\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0003-1024x602.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3485\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0003-1024x602.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0003-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0003-768x452.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0003-1536x903.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0003-2048x1204.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig 11 Evolution of Ovoid 4 to Haltern 70 (Garcia Vargas-Gonzalez Cesteros-De Almeida fig10)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c401e0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c401e0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b0b557\" data-id=\"8b0b557\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d96c549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d96c549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0001.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"RacaMed_0001\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ3MCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzA2XC9SYWNhTWVkXzAwMDEuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0001-517x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3470\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0001-517x1024.jpg 517w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0001-151x300.jpg 151w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0001-768x1522.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0001-775x1536.jpg 775w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0001.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig 12 Haltern 70 (P. Tyers, Potsherd Atlas)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc72f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cbc72f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0002.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"RacaMed_0002\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ3MiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy51Yi5lZHVcL3JhY2FtZWRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzA2XC9SYWNhTWVkXzAwMDIuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"838\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0002-1024x838.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3472\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0002-1024x838.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0002-300x246.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0002-768x629.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/RacaMed_0002.jpg 1032w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig 14 H 70 'Olivae nigrae ex defruto penuariae' (Djaoui 2016, fig. 3)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0c1d6c0\" data-id=\"0c1d6c0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfc6530 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cfc6530\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Haltern 70<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f06fcd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f06fcd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Haltern 70, with its \u2018initial\u2019 shape deriving from Ovoid Type 4, c. 30-20 BC (Figure), and \u2018classic\u2019 Augustan-Tiberian form emerging c. 20-15 BC (e.g. on the Culip VIII wreck), ended its production c. AD 90 (Berni 2011; Garc\u00eda Vargas, E., de Almeida, R.R., Gonz\u00e1lez Cesteros, H. 2011, 242-248; Garc\u00eda Vargas, Gonz\u00e1lez Cesteros, de Almeida 2019, 74-79; Carreras Monfort 2016; Carreras Monfort and Berni 2016). The type was produced primarily in Baetica, first on the coast \u2013 Cadiz-Algeciras, in workshops producing both wine and fish amphorae\u00a0 \u2013 and then along the Guadalquivir, with imitations appearing also in Lusitania.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Djaoui (2016) recently reviewed all the known dipintos found on Baetican examples of this type \u2013 a mere 26 examples. Those on eight amphorae indicate that the form carried olives, primarily black but also green (<i>albae<\/i>\/white) of various types (e.g. <i>poseae<\/i>, <i>dulces<\/i>) preserved in <i>defrutum<\/i> (e.g. <i>OLIVA(E) NIG(RAE)\/ EX DEFR(VTO)\/PENVAR(IAE)\/EXCELL(ENTES)\/C. RVTILI[\u2026]ICIS<\/i> and <i>OL[IVAE]\/ A[LBAE]\/ DVLCI<\/i>). <i>Olivae penuariae<\/i> are \u2018stored\u2019, hence \u2018preserved\u2019 in <i>defrutum<\/i>. Six dipintos refer to the carrying of <i>defrutum<\/i> alone (e.g. <i>DEF\/EXC\/ C ANTONI RVSTICI<\/i>). Dipintos referring to fish sauce on eleven Haltern 70 amphorae were the result of secondary use.\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Note that a version of Haltern 70 was produced in Lyon (Lyonnais Type 7A), which was succeeded by Lyonnais 7B\/Augst 21, from the late 1st or first quarter of the 2nd century. These contained olives, with 5 or 8 dipintos on Augst 21 (found in Vienne, Gallia Belgica, Germania and Britannia) referring to \u2018white olives in sweet wine\u2019 but not \u2018black olives in <i>defrutum<\/i>\u2019, which has led Djaoui to suggest that Spanish olives were transferred to these Gallic amphorae in Lyon, from barrels, following the end of production of Haltern 70.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i>Defrutum<\/i> is must, boiled down from wine to a thick black alcoholic liquid (Flower and Rosenbaum 1958, 23-24: Palladius states that wine boiled down less than that, to two-thirds of its volume, was called <i>caroenum<\/i>, with <i>sapa<\/i> being that reduced to one-third). <i>Defrutum<\/i> served to enrich wines that were poor in glucose as well as a sweetener and liquid for conserves (e.g. Apicius I.XII.3, <i>defritum<\/i> (sic) added with honey to a jar (<i>vas)<\/i> of quinces; I.XII.6, <i>sapa<\/i> added to blackberries in a glass vessel (<i>in vitreo vase<\/i>)) and was an ingredient in medicinal remedies (Djaoui 2016, note 14).\u00a0 Though the recipes of Apicius abound with references to the addition of <i>liquamen<\/i>, pounded with herbs in <i>mortaria<\/i>, sometimes mixed with wine, only a few refer to the similar use of certain types of <i>defrutum<\/i>: II.II.8,\u00a0 <i>defrutum<\/i> of quinces or of dried figs, for a thick sauce added to meat rissoles. There are also references to the addition of <i>caroenum<\/i> or <i>sapa<\/i>, <i>mulsum<\/i> (wine mixed with honey), <i>passum<\/i> (sweet wine made from sun-dried grapes, well-attested from dipintos on early Imperial Cretan amphorae as well as the \u2018pinched handle\u2019 amphorae of western-\u2018Rough\u2019 Cilicia, the Agora G 199 type). Apicius also refers to (unfermented) must as <i>mustum<\/i> (e.g. I.III.2: lemon leaves added to a jar <i>in dolium musti<\/i>, for 40 days, to which one could add honey when serving).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Cato tells his readers how to preserve lentils, green olives in vinegar (<i>in acetum<\/i>) or in must (<i>mustum<\/i>) and vinegar in a jar (<i>in orculam<\/i>) (<i>De Agricultura<\/i>, 117-118). There are also frequent references to vinegar in Apicius, for example I.VII.1: mustard prepared with vinegar (also referred to by Columella, <i>De Re Rustica<\/i>, XII.57); I.IX.1-2: for preserving fish or oysters, in a pitched vessel-<i>vasculum picitum<\/i>; I.XII.8-9: with honey, for preserving turnips; I.XII.11: for preserving peaches in a jar (<i>in vas<\/i>); as an ingredient with spices and <i>liquamen<\/i> for sauces: I.XV.1-2 (oyster sauce); (I.XVI.1-2: silphium sauce). The importance of the trade of vinegar also needs to be taken into account. A letter on a wax tablet (part of the Sulpicii archive) found in a villa outside Pompeii, from a Theophilus to his brother Aphrodisius, refers to the imminent arrival (probably in Puteoli) of the Octa, a ship carrying for him a cargo of \u2018six medium-sized amphorae of wine, and seventy-seven of vinegar; sixteen Sicilian jars of honey, and ten of <i>m<\/i>(\u2026..), one amphora of grape syrup [i.e. <i>mustum<\/i> or <i>defrutum<\/i>], one of s(\u2026..)\u2026.\u2019 (Opai\u0163 2021, 357; Terpestra 2017,51, note 21: TPSulp. 80).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The combination of wine derivatives and olives in Haltern 70 amphorae presents a challenge for contents analysis as traces of both would otherwise suggest re-use. Contents analysis previously detected wine in one Haltern 70 chosen for sampling (Bernal-Casasola, Pecci and S\u00e1ez 2019). The finds of large numbers of Haltern 70 in the El Olivillo rubbish dump offered a good opportunity to analyse a quantitatively significant sample \u2013 14 vessels &#8211; as part of the RACA-Med I project. The results so far indicate the presence of wine in all examples, with additional products (i.e. olives?) or re-use.<\/p><div>\u00a0<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56219628 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"56219628\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-338dc8da\" data-id=\"338dc8da\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-648bb978 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"648bb978\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Olivillo samples. List of identified compounds in each ceramic samples.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ff2f206 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ff2f206\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0In the table the symbol * indicates the high concentration of fatty acids (FAs); DHA and MDHA are respectively dehydroabietic acid and methyl-dehydroabietate; TA, SA and MA are respectively tartaric, succinic and malic acids (from Pecci et al. 2021).\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cab4bf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cab4bf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table width=\"960\"><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"96\">Sample ID<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"96\">Shape<\/td><td width=\"96\">\u00a0<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"96\">Main FAs in order of decreasing concentration<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"96\">TA<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"96\">Other acids present in wine<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"96\">DHA<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"96\">MDHA<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"96\">Azelaic acid<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"96\">\u00df sitosterol<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"96\">Production area<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL1<\/td><td>Ovoid 5<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:1<\/sub> C<sub>18:0 <\/sub>*<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL2<\/td><td>Ovoid 5<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:1<\/sub> C<sub>18:0<\/sub>*<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL3<\/td><td>Ovoid 1<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:1<\/sub> C<sub>18:0 <\/sub>**<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL4<\/td><td>Ovoid 1<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:1<\/sub><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL5<\/td><td>Ovoid 1<\/td><td width=\"96\">Bay of Cadiz<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA+MA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL6<\/td><td>Ovoid 1<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA+MA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL7<\/td><td>Ovoid 1<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:1<\/sub><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL8<\/td><td>Ovoid 1<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:1<\/sub><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL9<\/td><td>Ovoid 1<\/td><td width=\"96\">Bay of Cadiz<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL10<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA+MA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL11<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Bay of Cadiz?<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL12<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL13<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley r<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL14<\/td><td>Ovoid 5?<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:1<\/sub> C<sub>18:0<\/sub><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL15<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Bay of Cadiz<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL16<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir Valley<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL17<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Bay of Cadiz<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL18<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir (fine fabric)?<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL19<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Bay of Cadiz<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL20<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Bay of Cadiz<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub> C<sub>18:1<\/sub> C<sub>18:0<\/sub><\/td><td>none<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL21<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Guadalquivir<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>SA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL22<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Bay of Cadiz<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL23<\/td><td>Ind. Ovoid<\/td><td width=\"96\">Bay of Cadiz<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OL24<\/td><td width=\"96\">Ind. Ovoid (neither 1\u00a0 or 5)<\/td><td width=\"96\">Cadiz region<\/td><td>C<sub>16:0<\/sub><\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td width=\"96\">none<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>None<\/td><td>none<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Baetican production RACA-Med: Organic Residues Analyses Location of Cadiz and the site of El Olivillo in Cadiz &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ovoid amphorae The rubbish dump excavated at El Olivillo (Cadiz)\u00a0excavatet by the &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/services\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Baetican production<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"enabled","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15"}],"version-history":[{"count":126,"href":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3661,"href":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15\/revisions\/3661"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ub.edu\/racamed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}